{"id":2072,"date":"2026-02-23T09:39:56","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T08:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?p=2072"},"modified":"2026-02-23T17:10:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T16:10:21","slug":"czy-dobrze-liczysz-swoja-liniowosc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?p=2072","title":{"rendered":"Czy dobrze liczysz swoj\u0105 liniowo\u015b\u0107?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Wyobra\u017a sobie nast\u0119puj\u0105c\u0105 sytuacj\u0119. Testujesz liniowo\u015b\u0107 metody analitycznej, powiedzmy HPLC. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik liniowo\u015bci R=0,999, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik determinacji R^2 = 0,999. Sytuacja idealna. Kryteria spe\u0142nione, walidacja zako\u0144czona sukcesem. Teraz tylko raport i do domu. Nic bardziej mylnego. W naszych danych mo\u017ce by\u0107 ukryty chochlik, kt\u00f3rego na pierwszy rzut oka nie wida\u0107. Pomo\u017ce nam w tym jednak analiza resztkowa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-1024x559.png\" alt=\"Analiza resztkowa w wyznaczaniu liniowo\u015bci\nResidal analysis in linearity determination\" class=\"wp-image-2082\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-1536x838.png 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Analiza-resztkowa_okladka-2048x1117.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Liniowo\u015b\u0107 a dopasowanie modelu regresji<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>W 2023 roku ICH opublikowa\u0142o now\u0105 wytyczn\u0105 ICH Q2 \u2013 walidacja metod analitycznych. Jedna ze zmian dotyczy\u0142a w\u0142a\u015bnie wyznaczania liniowo\u015bci. Ich w nowych wytycznych uwzgl\u0119dni\u0142a metody biologiczne takie jak <a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?p=1157\" type=\"post\" id=\"1157\">ELISA<\/a> czy <a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1827\" type=\"page\" id=\"1827\">testy cytotoksyczno\u015bci<\/a>. Te metody cz\u0119sto oparte s\u0105 o nieliniowe modele kalibracji. W zwi\u0105zku z tym niemo\u017cliwe jest wyznaczenie dla nich liniowo\u015bci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z tego w\u0142a\u015bnie powodu w nowym ICH Q2 liniowo\u015b\u0107 zosta\u0142a zast\u0105piona dopasowaniem modelu regresji. Nie zmienia to faktu, \u017ce dla metod z natury liniowych dalej mo\u017cna si\u0119 pos\u0142ugiwa\u0107 terminem linowo\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak dzia\u0142a regresja liniowa?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>W &nbsp;celu wyznaczenia st\u0119\u017cenia wykonuje si\u0119 krzyw\u0105 kalibracyjn\u0105. Kilka roztwor\u00f3w o znanym st\u0119\u017ceniu poddaje si\u0119 analizie a na podstawie uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w generuje si\u0119 wykres funkcji liniowej zale\u017cno\u015bci sygna\u0142u od st\u0119\u017cenia. Oczywi\u015bcie warto\u015bci zmierzone mog\u0105 nie pokrywa\u0107 si\u0119 idealnie z przebiegiem krzywej. Stosuje si\u0119 wi\u0119c zabieg interpolacji, w kt\u00f3rym linia wykresu przebiega pomi\u0119dzy zmierzonymi punktami. Przebieg nie jest przypadkowy a wyznacza si\u0119 go tak by suma kwadrat\u00f3w b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w pomiaru by\u0142a najmniejsza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik liniowo\u015bci a wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik determinacji<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Przy wyznaczaniu liniowo\u015bci i odczytywaniu wynik\u00f3w mo\u017cemy si\u0119 spotka\u0107 z dwiema warto\u015bciami: wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnikiem liniowo\u015bci \u2013 R, oraz wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnikiem determinacji \u2013 R^2. Czym si\u0119 r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik liniowo\u015bci &nbsp;(R) \u2013 to\u017csamy ze wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnikiem korelacji Pearsona. M\u00f3wi o tym czy zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 pomi\u0119dzy danymi jest liniowa i w jakim stopniu. Im bli\u017cej warto\u015bci 1 tym silniejsza korelacja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik determinacji (R<sup>2<\/sup>) \u2013 Wyznacza si\u0119 go poprzez podniesienie warto\u015bci R do kwadratu. Wskazuje on na dopasowanie modelu regresji, czyli tego jak dobrze mo\u017cna wyznaczy\u0107 st\u0119\u017cenie na podstawie pomiaru sygna\u0142u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No dobra nasze dane s\u0105 idealne: wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik liniowo\u015bci R = 0,9999, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik determinacji R<sup>2<\/sup> = 0,9999? No c\u00f3\u017c. Teoretycznie model jest idealnie dopasowany. By\u0107 mo\u017ce nawet dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 nie pokaza\u0142aby, \u017ce jest jaki\u015b problem. Mo\u017cliwe jednak, \u017ce co\u015b \u017ale liczymy a nasza metoda jest jeszcze bardziej dok\u0142adna ni\u017c nam si\u0119 wydaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analiza resztkowa \u2013 czyli czy model naprawd\u0119 jest liniowy?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Analiza resztkowa jest jednym z etap\u00f3w oceny modelu regresji. Polega on na badaniu r\u00f3\u017cnic (reszt, rezydu\u00f3w) &nbsp;mi\u0119dzy warto\u015bciami zaobserwowanymi (zmierzonymi) a warto\u015bciami odczytanymi z modelu regresji. Reszty (e) reprezentuj\u0105 b\u0142\u0119dy modelu. Ich po\u0142o\u017cenie na wykresie zale\u017cno\u015bci od st\u0119\u017cenia mo\u017ce nam wskaza\u0107, czy model jest odpowiednio dopasowany.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"92\" height=\"28\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2080\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Analiza wykresu zale\u017cno\u015bci st\u0119\u017cenia od warto\u015bci reszt mo\u017ce pom\u00f3c w ustaleniu nast\u0119puj\u0105cych rzeczy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Weryfikacja poprawno\u015bci modelu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weryfikacja jednorodno\u015bci wariancji (homoskedastyczno\u015b\u0107)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identyfikacja obserwacji odstaj\u0105cych<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Dla wyja\u015bnienia analizy resztkowej pos\u0142u\u017cymy si\u0119 zestawem danych:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">St\u0119\u017cenie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2483571<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">75<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">159,9308678<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,3238443<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">125<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,7615149<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">150<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">309,8829233<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2.png\" alt=\"Liniowo\u015b\u0107 R2=1\" class=\"wp-image-2075\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-300x180.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sygna\u0142 ti warto\u015bci zmierzone. By wyliczy\u0107 reszty musimy wyznaczy\u0107 sobie warto\u015bci oczekiwane na podstawie r\u00f3wnania krzywej y=ax +b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">St\u0119\u017cenie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142 (y)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">warto\u015bci oczekiwane (\u0177)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2483571<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2095456<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">75<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">159,9308678<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">160,2195235<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,3238443<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,2295015<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">125<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,7615149<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,2394794<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">150<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">309,8829233<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">310,2494574<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Nast\u0119pnie wykorzystuj\u0105c odejmuj\u0105c warto\u015bci zmierzone od oczekiwanych wyznaczamy reszty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">St\u0119\u017cenie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142 (y)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">warto\u015bci oczekiwane (\u0177)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Reszty (e)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2483571<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2095456<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,038811<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">75<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">159,9308678<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">160,2195235<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,28866<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,3238443<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,2295015<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,094343<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">125<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,7615149<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,2394794<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,522035<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">150<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">309,8829233<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">310,2494574<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,36653<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-8.png\" alt=\"Wykres analizy resztkowej\n\" class=\"wp-image-2083\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-8.png 752w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-8-300x180.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Generalnie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Warto\u015bci reszt powinny r\u00f3wnomiernie uk\u0142ada\u0107 si\u0119 po obu stronach poziomej linii 0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brak wyra\u017anego trendu, kszta\u0142tu oznacza dobre dopasowanie modelu liniowego<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mo\u017cna zaobserwowa\u0107 warto\u015bci odstaj\u0105ce<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analiza przypadku<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By pokaza\u0107 prawdziw\u0105 moc analizy resztkowej pos\u0142u\u017c\u0119 si\u0119 zestawem trzech danych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\">Przypadek 1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\">Przypadek 2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\">Przypadek 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">St\u0119\u017cenie<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Reszty<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Reszty<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sygna\u0142<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Reszty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">110,2483571<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,0388115<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">114,9531726<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2,345937031<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">109,80000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,440000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">75<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">159,9308678<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,288655683<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">161,5658426<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-1,031487151<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">160,40000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,400000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,3238443<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,094342782<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">210,1534869<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-2,433936904<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">209,20000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,560000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">125<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">260,7615149<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,522035486<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">261,1561051<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-1,421412863<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">261,20000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1,680000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">150<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">309,8829233<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0,366534085<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">315,108512<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2,540899887<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">308,20000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-1,080000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2074\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-7.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-7-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Wykresy reszt dla tych przypadk\u00f3w wygl\u0105daj\u0105 nast\u0119puj\u0105co:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2079\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-5.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-5-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-6.png 722w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-6-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2073\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.png 724w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Co mo\u017cemy wywnioskowa\u0107 na podstawie wykres\u00f3w:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Przypadek 1:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Punkty uk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 r\u00f3wnomiernie po obu stronach warto\u015bci 0. Brak wyra\u017anego trendu w po\u0142o\u017ceniu punkt\u00f3w. \u015awiadczy to o dobrym dopasowaniu modelu liniowego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Przypadek 2:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Charakterystyczny paraboliczny kszta\u0142t u\u0142o\u017cenia punkt\u00f3w. Taki&nbsp; kszta\u0142t \u015bwiadczy o nieliniowym charakterze rozk\u0142adu punkt\u00f3w. Najcz\u0119\u015bciej w tym przypadku maj\u0105 one rozk\u0142ad dwumianowy (funkcja drugiego stopnia). W tym przypadku zastosowanie modelu liniowego pomimo wysokiego R^2 jest nieprawid\u0142owe, gdy\u017c zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 jest nieliniowa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Przypadek 3:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Reszty oddalaj\u0105 si\u0119 od warto\u015bci 0 wraz ze wzrostem st\u0119\u017cenia (kszta\u0142t lejka). \u015awiadczy to o tzw. Heteroskedastyczno\u015bci (niesta\u0142ej wariancji). W takim wypadku powinno zastosowa\u0107 si\u0119 regresj\u0119 wa\u017con\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podsumowanie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Na podstawie powy\u017cszych danych do\u015b\u0107 dobrze wida\u0107, \u017ce warto\u015bci R czy R^2 mog\u0105 by\u0107 myl\u0105ce. Przy wyznaczaniu liniowo\u015bci warto dok\u0142adniej przyjrze\u0107 si\u0119 danym i oceni\u0107 czy zastosowany przez nas model kalibracji faktycznie jest najlepszy i zgodny z matematyk\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Niestety w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci przypadk\u00f3w oprogramowanie s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ce do obs\u0142ugi sprz\u0119tu i analizy wynik\u00f3w nie wykona tej analizy. Warto wi\u0119c si\u0119gn\u0105\u0107 do specjalnych narz\u0119dzi statystycznych takich jak Statistica czy Minitab, lub po prostu arkusza obliczeniowego by oceni\u0107 czy liniowo\u015b\u0107 faktycznie jest liniowa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2023_1130_ErrorCorrection_2025.pdf\">ICH Q2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pogotowiestatystyczne.pl\/slowniki\/homoskedastycznosc\/\">pogotowiestatystyczne.pl<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pogotowiestatystyczne.pl\/slowniki\/homoskedastycznosc\/\">sixsigmadsi.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"mec-wrap mec-skin-carousel-container \" id=\"mec_skin_295\">\r\n        <div class=\"mec-skin-carousel-events-container\" id=\"mec_skin_events_295\">\r\n        <div class=\"mec-wrap \">\r\n    <div class=\"mec-event-carousel-type1\">\r\n                <div class='mec-owl-crousel-skin-type1 mec-owl-carousel mec-owl-theme'>\r\n                        <article class=\"mec-event-article  mec-clear \" itemscope>\r\n                                        <div class=\"event-carousel-type1-head clearfix\">\r\n                    <div class=\"mec-event-date mec-color\">\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-image\">\r\n                            <a   data-event-id=\"1774\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/teachers-5499190_1920-edited-474x324.jpg\" class=\"attachment-meccarouselthumb size-meccarouselthumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"Analytical Method Lifecycle\" data-mec-postid=\"1774\" \/><\/a>                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-date-carousel\">\r\n                            <span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">08<\/span>                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info\"><span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">czerwiec<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info-year\">2026<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"mec-event-carousel-content\">\r\n                                        <h4 class=\"mec-event-carousel-title\"><a class=\"mec-color-hover\"  data-event-id=\"1774\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Walidacja metod analitycznych<\/a><\/h4>\r\n                                        <p class=\"mec-carousel-event-location\"><span><\/p>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <\/article>\r\n                                    <article class=\"mec-event-article  mec-clear \" itemscope>\r\n                                        <div class=\"event-carousel-type1-head clearfix\">\r\n                    <div class=\"mec-event-date mec-color\">\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-image\">\r\n                            <a   data-event-id=\"1796\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-474x324.jpg\" class=\"attachment-meccarouselthumb size-meccarouselthumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"testy cytotoksyczno\u015bci\" data-mec-postid=\"1796\" \/><\/a>                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-date-carousel\">\r\n                            <span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">15<\/span>                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info\"><span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">czerwiec<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info-year\">2026<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"mec-event-carousel-content\">\r\n                                        <h4 class=\"mec-event-carousel-title\"><a class=\"mec-color-hover\"  data-event-id=\"1796\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Walidacja metod bioanalitycznych<\/a><\/h4>\r\n                                        <p class=\"mec-carousel-event-location\"><span><\/p>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <\/article>\r\n                                    <article class=\"mec-event-article mec-multiple-event mec-clear \" itemscope>\r\n                                        <div class=\"event-carousel-type1-head clearfix\">\r\n                    <div class=\"mec-event-date mec-color\">\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-image\">\r\n                            <a   data-event-id=\"2036\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/lukas-blazek-mcSDtbWXUZU-unsplash-edited-474x324.jpg\" class=\"attachment-meccarouselthumb size-meccarouselthumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"walidacja arkuszy obliczeniowych\" data-mec-postid=\"2036\" \/><\/a>                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-date-carousel\">\r\n                            <span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">22 - 23<\/span>                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info\"><span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">czerwiec<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info-year\">2026<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"mec-event-carousel-content\">\r\n                                        <h4 class=\"mec-event-carousel-title\"><a class=\"mec-color-hover\"  data-event-id=\"2036\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Szkolenie online: Walidacja arkuszy obliczeniowych<\/a><\/h4>\r\n                                        <p class=\"mec-carousel-event-location\"><span><\/p>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <\/article>\r\n                                    <article class=\"mec-event-article  mec-clear \" itemscope>\r\n                                        <div class=\"event-carousel-type1-head clearfix\">\r\n                    <div class=\"mec-event-date mec-color\">\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-image\">\r\n                            <a   data-event-id=\"2231\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/national-cancer-institute-fd0b-Bl4cFc-unsplash-474x324.jpg\" class=\"attachment-meccarouselthumb size-meccarouselthumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" data-mec-postid=\"2231\" \/><\/a>                                                    <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"mec-event-date-carousel\">\r\n                            <span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">29<\/span>                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info\"><span class=\"mec-start-date-label\" itemprop=\"startDate\">czerwiec<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"mec-event-date-info-year\">2026<\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"mec-event-carousel-content\">\r\n                                        <h4 class=\"mec-event-carousel-title\"><a class=\"mec-color-hover\"  data-event-id=\"2231\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transfer metod analitycznych<\/a><\/h4>\r\n                                        <p class=\"mec-carousel-event-location\"><span><\/p>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                            <\/article>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n        \t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2318520657460692\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wyobra\u017a sobie nast\u0119puj\u0105c\u0105 sytuacj\u0119. Testujesz liniowo\u015b\u0107 metody analitycznej, powiedzmy HPLC. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik liniowo\u015bci R=0,999, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik determinacji R^2 = 0,999. Sytuacja idealna. Kryteria spe\u0142nione, walidacja zako\u0144czona sukcesem. Teraz tylko raport i do domu. Nic bardziej mylnego. W naszych danych mo\u017ce by\u0107 ukryty chochlik, kt\u00f3rego na pierwszy rzut oka nie wida\u0107. Pomo\u017ce nam w tym jednak analiza resztkowa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2082,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[221,267,265,73,211],"class_list":["post-2072","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bez-kategorii","tag-analityka","tag-ich-q2","tag-liniowosc","tag-walidacja","tag-walidacja-metod"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Czy dobrze liczysz swoj\u0105 liniowo\u015b\u0107? - Bioeducator.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"R kwadrat=0,999? Metoda mo\u017ce by\u0107 dalej nieliniowa. Analiza resztkowa pomo\u017ce Ci sprawdzi\u0107 czy tw\u00f3j model regresji jest prawid\u0142owy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?p=2072\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Czy dobrze liczysz swoj\u0105 liniowo\u015b\u0107? - Bioeducator.eu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"R kwadrat=0,999? Metoda mo\u017ce by\u0107 dalej nieliniowa. 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