{"id":2176,"date":"2026-03-17T10:23:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-17T09:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=2176"},"modified":"2026-03-17T11:48:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T10:48:18","slug":"zrodla-jonow-w-spektrometrii-mas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=2176","title":{"rendered":"\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a Jon\u00f3w w spektrometrii mas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ka\u017cdy spektrometr mas sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z uk\u0142adu wprowadzania pr\u00f3bki, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w, analizatora jon\u00f3w i detektora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spektrometria mas (MS) jest bez w\u0105tpienia jedn\u0105 z najbardziej wszechstronnych technik analitycznych wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej nauki. Pozwala na identyfikacj\u0119 struktur chemicznych, kwantyfikacj\u0119 lek\u00f3w w p\u0142ynach ustrojowych oraz sekwencjonowanie bia\u0142ek z precyzj\u0105, kt\u00f3ra jeszcze kilka dekad temu wydawa\u0142a si\u0119 nieosi\u0105galna. Sercem ka\u017cdego spektrometru mas, decyduj\u0105cym o tym, co w\u0142a\u015bciwie b\u0119dziemy mogli zbada\u0107, jest <strong>\u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o jon\u00f3w<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o jonow w spektrometrze masowym\" class=\"wp-image-2189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-391x260.jpg 391w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/bas-van-breukelen-Lyp3msxfCn0-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zasada dzia\u0142ania spektrometru mas opiera si\u0119 na manipulacji cz\u0105steczkami w polu magnetycznym lub elektrycznym. Aby jednak ta manipulacja by\u0142a mo\u017cliwa, cz\u0105steczka \u2013 pierwotnie oboj\u0119tna \u2013 musi zyska\u0107 \u0142adunek elektryczny. Proces ten nazywamy <strong>jonizacj\u0105<\/strong>. Wyb\u00f3r \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w determinuje nie tylko to, czy cz\u0105steczka \u201eprze\u017cyje\u201d proces przej\u015bcia w faz\u0119 gazow\u0105, ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c to, jak wiele informacji o jej strukturze uzyskamy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jonizacja Elektronowa (Electron Ionization \u2013 EI)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jonizacja elektronowa to najstarsza i najbardziej ugruntowana metoda, uznawana za standard w analizie ma\u0142ych cz\u0105steczek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00f3bka w fazie gazowej zostaje zbombardowana wi\u0105zk\u0105 elektron\u00f3w emitowanych przez roz\u017carzony wolframowy lub renowy filament. Elektrony te maj\u0105 zazwyczaj energi\u0119 ok. &nbsp;<strong>70 eV<\/strong> (elektronowolt\u00f3w). Gdy taki wysokoenergetyczny elektron przelatuje w pobli\u017cu cz\u0105steczki pr\u00f3bki, przekazuje jej cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 energii, co prowadzi do wybicia elektronu z orbitalu cz\u0105steczki. W efekcie powstaje jon molekularny o \u0142adunku dodatnim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">M + e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>&gt; M<sup>+ <\/sup>+ 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"878\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-12.png\" alt=\"Budowa \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w EI (electron ionization)\" class=\"wp-image-2183\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.23839579829997;object-fit:cover;width:540px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-12.png 878w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-12-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-12-768x620.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 878px) 100vw, 878px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zastosowanie i charakterystyka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rodzaj cz\u0105steczek:<\/strong> Ma\u0142e, lotne cz\u0105steczki organiczne (masy cz\u0105steczkowe zazwyczaj poni\u017cej 1000 Da).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nadawany \u0142adunek:<\/strong> Zazwyczaj +1 (radyka\u0142 kationowy).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charakter:<\/strong> Jest to metoda <strong>twarda<\/strong>. Energia 70 eV jest znacznie wy\u017csza ni\u017c energia wi\u0105za\u0144 chemicznych, co powoduje intensywn\u0105 fragmentacj\u0119 jonu molekularnego. Cho\u0107 mo\u017ce to utrudni\u0107 wyznaczenie masy samej cz\u0105steczki, powsta\u0142e widmo fragmentacyjne jest \u201eodciskiem palca\u201d (fingerprint), kt\u00f3ry pozwala na identyfikacj\u0119 substancji poprzez przeszukiwanie baz danych (np. NIST).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca z analizatorami<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EI najcz\u0119\u015bciej wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z <strong>chromatografi\u0105 gazow\u0105 (GC-MS)<\/strong>. Typowe analizatory to <strong>kwadrupol (Q)<\/strong> oraz <strong>pu\u0142apka jonowa (Ion Trap)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jonizacja Chemiczna (Chemical Ionization \u2013 CI)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jonizacja chemiczna jest \u0142agodniejsza ni\u017c jonizacja elektronowa. Mo\u017ce by\u0107 ona wykorzystywana wtedy, gdy jon molekularny ulega ca\u0142kowitemu rozpadowi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CI opiera si\u0119 na reakcjach jonowo-cz\u0105steczkowych w fazie gazowej. Do komory jonizacyjnej wprowadza si\u0119 gaz reakcyjny (np. metan, amoniak, izobutan) w du\u017cym nadmiarze wzgl\u0119dem pr\u00f3bki. Gaz ten jest jonizowany elektronami (EI), tworz\u0105c jony reakcyjne. Nast\u0119pnie jony te zderzaj\u0105 si\u0119 z cz\u0105steczkami pr\u00f3bki, przekazuj\u0105c im proton:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><msubsup><mi>H<\/mi><mn>5<\/mn><mo>+<\/mo><\/msubsup><mo>+<\/mo><mi>M<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">[<\/mo><mi>M<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mi>H<\/mi><msup><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">]<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mo>+<\/mo><mi>C<\/mi><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>4<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">CH_5^+ + M \\rightarrow [M+H]^+ + CH_4<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"837\" height=\"671\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-15.png\" alt=\"Budowa \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w CI (Chemical ionization)\" class=\"wp-image-2186\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.247426761678543;object-fit:cover;width:540px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-15.png 837w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-15-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-15-768x616.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zastosowanie i charakterystyka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rodzaj cz\u0105steczek:<\/strong> Ma\u0142e i \u015brednie cz\u0105steczki organiczne, leki, metabolity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nadawany \u0142adunek:<\/strong> Zazwyczaj +1 (jony pseudomolekularne typu [M+H]<sup>+ <\/sup>lub [M-H]<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>w trybie negatywnym).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charakter:<\/strong> Metoda <strong>mi\u0119kka<\/strong>. Energia przekazywana podczas przeniesienia protonu jest niska, co minimalizuje fragmentacj\u0119 i pozwala na \u0142atwe odczytanie masy cz\u0105steczkowej.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca z analizatorami<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podobnie jak EI, stosowana g\u0142\u00f3wnie w systemach <strong>GC-MS<\/strong> z analizatorami <strong>kwadrupolowymi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elektrorpozpylanie (Electrospray Ionization \u2013 ESI)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wprowadzenie ESI przez Johna Fenna (za co otrzyma\u0142 Nagrod\u0119 Nobla) zrewolucjonizowa\u0142o analiz\u0119 makrocz\u0105steczek, takich jak bia\u0142ka czy kwasy nukleinowe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00f3bka w roztworze (np. z <a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1936\" type=\"page\" id=\"1936\">chromatografu cieczowego)<\/a> jest t\u0142oczona przez cienk\u0105 kapilar\u0119, do kt\u00f3rej przy\u0142o\u017cone jest wysokie napi\u0119cie (2\u20136 kV). Na wylocie kapilary powstaje tzw. <strong>sto\u017cek Taylora<\/strong>, z kt\u00f3rego emitowane s\u0105 drobne, na\u0142adowane kropelki. W miar\u0119 parowania rozpuszczalnika (wspomaganego strumieniem gazu osuszaj\u0105cego) ze sprayu uwalniane s\u0105 zjonizowane cz\u0105steczki.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"841\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-11.png\" alt=\"Budowa \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a ESI (Elektrorozpylanie, electrospray)\" class=\"wp-image-2182\" style=\"width:540px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-11.png 855w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-11-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-11-768x755.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zastosowanie i charakterystyka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rodzaj cz\u0105steczek:<\/strong> Cz\u0105steczki polarne, peptydy, bia\u0142ka, polimery, z\u0142o\u017cone zwi\u0105zki organiczne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nadawany \u0142adunek:<\/strong> Wielokrotny (+n lub -n). Jest to unikalna cecha ESI \u2013 bia\u0142ko o masie 50 kDa mo\u017ce przy\u0142\u0105czy\u0107 np. 50 proton\u00f3w, co daje stosunek m\/z ~ 1000. Dzi\u0119ki temu analizatory o ograniczonym zakresie masowym mog\u0105 analizowa\u0107 ogromne cz\u0105steczki.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charakter:<\/strong> Metoda <strong>bardzo mi\u0119kka<\/strong>. Rzadko si\u0119 zdarza by jon ulega\u0142 fragmentacji w ESI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca z analizatorami<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ESI jest idealnie dopasowane do <strong>chromatografii cieczowej (LC-MS)<\/strong>. Wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z niemal ka\u017cdym nowoczesnym analizatorem: <strong>Orbitrap<\/strong>, <strong>TOF (Time of Flight)<\/strong>, <strong>Triple Quadrupole (QQQ)<\/strong>, pu\u0142apka jonowa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jonizacja Chemiczna pod Ci\u015bnieniem Atmosferycznym (APCI)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">APCI jest technik\u0105 uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105c\u0105 dla ESI, stosowan\u0105 tam, gdzie ta pierwsza zawodzi. Doskonale sprawdza si\u0119 dla niepolarnych cz\u0105steczek, w\u0119glowodor\u00f3w aromatycznych czy sterydow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podobnie jak w ESI, pr\u00f3bka jest wprowadzana w roztworze, ale zamiast pola elektrycznego stosuje si\u0119 wysok\u0105 temperatur\u0119 do odparowania rozpuszczalnika (nebulizacja termiczna). W pobli\u017cu wylotu znajduje si\u0119 ig\u0142a wysokonapi\u0119ciowa (wy\u0142adowanie koronowe), kt\u00f3ra jonizuje cz\u0105steczki gazu i rozpuszczalnika, a te nast\u0119pnie jonizuj\u0105 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 poprzez reakcje chemiczne (podobnie jak w CI, ale pod ci\u015bnieniem atmosferycznym).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"985\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-13.png\" alt=\"Budowa \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a APCI (atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization)\" class=\"wp-image-2184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-13.png 742w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-13-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zastosowanie i charakterystyka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rodzaj cz\u0105steczek:<\/strong> Zwi\u0105zki o \u015bredniej polarno\u015bci, s\u0142abo polarne, lipidy, witaminy, steroidy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nadawany \u0142adunek:<\/strong> +1 lub -1$<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charakter:<\/strong> \u015arednio twarda\/mi\u0119kka. Lepiej radzi sobie ze zwi\u0105zkami niepolarnymi ni\u017c ESI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca z analizatorami<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stosowana w uk\u0142adach <strong>LC-MS<\/strong>, wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z kwadrupolami i Orbitrapami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MALDI jest metod\u0105 szeroko stosowan\u0105 w proteomice (podobnie jak ESI). Doskonale si\u0119 sprawdza r\u00f3wnie\u017c w analizie glikan\u00f3w czy lipid\u00f3w. MALDI najcz\u0119\u015bciej wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z analzatorem czasu przelotu (MALDI-TOF). Pr\u00f3bki nak\u0142adane sa na specjalne metalowe p\u0142ytki a analiza trwa zaledwie kilka sekund. Dzi\u0119ki temu MALDI \u015bwietnie nadaje si\u0119 do wszelkiego rodzaju test\u00f3w przesiewowych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00f3bka jest mieszana z nadmiarem tzw. <strong>matrycy<\/strong> (ma\u0142e cz\u0105steczki organiczne, np. kwas cyjanohydroksycynamonowy) i krystalizowana na metalowej p\u0142ytce. Impuls lasera UV uderza w p\u0142ytk\u0119, powoduj\u0105c gwa\u0142town\u0105 desorpcj\u0119 matrycy wraz z pr\u00f3bk\u0105 do fazy gazowej. Matryca absorbuje energi\u0119 lasera, chroni\u0105c delikatne biomoleku\u0142y przed zniszczeniem, a nast\u0119pnie przekazuje im \u0142adunek (proton).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"922\" height=\"817\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2185\" style=\"width:540px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-14.png 922w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-14-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-14-768x681.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 922px) 100vw, 922px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zastosowanie i charakterystyka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rodzaj cz\u0105steczek:<\/strong> Bia\u0142ka, oligosacharydy, syntetyczne polimery, obrazowanie tkanek (MS Imaging).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nadawany \u0142adunek:<\/strong> Zazwyczaj pojedy\u0144czy (+1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charakter:<\/strong> Metoda <strong>mi\u0119kka<\/strong>, odporna na zanieczyszczenia solami (w przeciwie\u0144stwie do ESI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca z analizatorami<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prawie wy\u0142\u0105cznie z analizatorami <strong>czasu przelotu (TOF)<\/strong>, ze wzgl\u0119du na impulsowy charakter generowania jon\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uwaga!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Systemy <strong>MALDI-TOF<\/strong> znalaz\u0142y szerokie zastosowanie w naukoach biologicznych. Stanowi\u0105 zautomatyzowany system do identyfikacji bakterii i grzyb\u00f3w. Mog\u0105 by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wykorzystywane do obrazowania preparat\u00f3w mikroskopowych i tkanek (MALDI \u2013 imaging).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Por\u00f3wnanie \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 jon\u00f3w \u2013 tabela zbiorcza<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Stan skupienia pr\u00f3bki<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Mechanizm<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Polarno\u015b\u0107 pr\u00f3bki<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Typowe jony<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>G\u0142\u00f3wne zastosowanie<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>EI<\/strong><\/td><td>Gaz<\/td><td>Wi\u0105zka elektron\u00f3w<\/td><td>Niska<\/td><td>M<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>Metabolomika (GC), zwi\u0105zki lotne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>CI<\/strong><\/td><td>Gaz<\/td><td>Reakcja jon-cz\u0105steczka<\/td><td>Niska\/\u015arednia<\/td><td>[M+H]<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>Potwierdzanie masy w GC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ESI<\/strong><\/td><td>Ciecz<\/td><td>Pole elektryczne<\/td><td>Wysoka<\/td><td>[M+nH]<sup>n+<\/sup><\/td><td>Proteomika, farmakologia (LC)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MALDI<\/strong><\/td><td>Cia\u0142o sta\u0142e<\/td><td>Laser + matryca<\/td><td>Wysoka<\/td><td>[M+H]<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>Mikrobiologia, polimery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>APCI<\/strong><\/td><td>Ciecz<\/td><td>Wy\u0142adowanie koronowe<\/td><td>Niska\/\u015arednia<\/td><td>[M+H]<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>Lipidy, witaminy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Podsumowanie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne spektrometry mas cz\u0119sto maj\u0105 mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 stosowania r\u00f3\u017cnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 jon\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 elementami wymiennymi. Wyb\u00f3r \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a zale\u017cy od wielu rzeczy: informacji, kt\u00f3re chcemy uzyska\u0107, rodzaju analizowanych cz\u0105steczek i systemu wprowadzania pr\u00f3bek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W tym artykule opisali\u015bmy tylko najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowane \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w. Jest ich jednak du\u017co wi\u0119cej. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna technologia zmierza w stron\u0119 \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 jon\u00f3w pracuj\u0105cych w warunkach otoczenia (Ambient MS), takich jak <strong>DESI<\/strong> (Desorption Electrospray Ionization) czy <strong>DART<\/strong> (Direct Analysis in Real Time), kt\u00f3re pozwalaj\u0105 na analiz\u0119 pr\u00f3bek bez jakiegokolwiek przygotowania, np. bezpo\u015brednio z powierzchni owocu czy sk\u00f3ry pacjenta. Jest w czym wybiera\u0107 a producenci spektrometr\u00f3w mas co rusz dostarczaj\u0105 nowych rozwi\u0105za\u0144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cole, R. B.<\/strong> (2010). <em>Electrospray and MALDI Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals, Instrumentation, Methods, and Applications<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gross, J. H.<\/strong> (2017). <em>Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook<\/em>. Springer International Publishing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hoffmann, E. de, &amp; Stroobant, V.<\/strong> (2007). <em>Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2675315\/\"><strong>Fenn, J. B., et al. (1989).<\/strong> Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. <em>Science<\/em>, 246(4926), 64-71.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/protocol\/10.1385\/0-89603-215-9:191\"><strong>Wait, R. (1993).<\/strong> Introduction to Mass Spectrometry. Methods in Molecular Biology, 17 191-213<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ac00171a028\"><strong>Karas, M. Hillenkamp, F.<\/strong> (1988) Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons. <em>Analytical Chemistry<\/em>, 60 (20) 2299-2301<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2520223\/\"><strong>Beavis, R. C.; Chait, B. T.; Fales, H. M. (1989)<\/strong> Cinnamic acid derivatives as matrices for ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of proteins.&nbsp;<em>Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>3<\/strong>&nbsp;(12):&nbsp;432\u2013435.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zdj\u0119cia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@bvanbreukelen?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Bas van Breukelen<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/a-machine-that-has-some-wires-attached-to-it-Lyp3msxfCn0?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Unsplash<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2318520657460692\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ka\u017cdy spektrometr mas sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z uk\u0142adu wprowadzania pr\u00f3bki, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w, analizatora jon\u00f3w i detektora. Spektrometria mas (MS) jest bez w\u0105tpienia jedn\u0105 z najbardziej wszechstronnych&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2189,"parent":107,"menu_order":-2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2176","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a Jon\u00f3w w spektrometrii mas - Bioeducator.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowane \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a jon\u00f3w: EI, CI, ESI, APCI, MALDI. 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