{"id":1712,"date":"2025-12-04T00:29:38","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T23:29:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1712"},"modified":"2026-05-14T15:11:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T13:11:28","slug":"sds-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1712","title":{"rendered":"SDS-PAGE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2318520657460692\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SDS-PAGE<\/strong> (ang. <em>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis<\/em>), to jedna z najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanych technik w biologii molekularnej i biochemii. Pozwala ona na rozdzia\u0142 bia\u0142ek wy\u0142\u0105cznie na podstawie ich masy cz\u0105steczkowej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Jak dzia\u0142a SDS \u2013 PAGE?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Istot\u0105 <a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1662\">elektroforezy<\/a> jest ruch na\u0142adowanych cz\u0105steczek w polu elektrycznym. Pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 migracji w trakcie tego procesu jest wypadkow\u0105 trzech cech: \u0142adunku cz\u0105steczki, wielko\u015bci i kszta\u0142tu. &nbsp;W warunkach natywnych bia\u0142ka r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 tymi wielko\u015bciami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zastosowanie SDS denaturuje bia\u0142ka (rozplata je) i nadaje jednolity ujemny \u0142adunek. Dzi\u0119ki temu mo\u017cliwy jest ich elektroforetyczny rozdzia\u0142 w oparciu tylko i wy\u0142\u0105cznie o mas\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci SDS (Siarczan dodecylu sodu)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SDS to anoniowy detergent, kt\u00f3ry jest kluczowym sk\u0142adnikiem tej metody. Spe\u0142nia on trzy funkcje:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_structure-300x300.png\" alt=\"SDS structure\" class=\"wp-image-1715\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_structure-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_structure-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_structure-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_structure.png 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Struktura SDS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Niszczy wi\u0105zania niekowalencyjne:<\/strong> SDS rozrywa wi\u0105zania wodorowe i oddzia\u0142ywania hydrofobowe, powoduj\u0105c denaturacj\u0119 bia\u0142ka.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maskuje \u0142adunek:<\/strong> SDS wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 z bia\u0142kami w sta\u0142ym stosunku masowym \u2013 oko\u0142o <strong>1,4 g SDS na 1 g bia\u0142ka<\/strong>. Wi\u0105zanie odbywa si\u0119 z hydrofobowymi regionami bia\u0142ka. Na zewn\u0105trz skierowana jest na\u0142adowana ujemnie ko\u0144c\u00f3wka SDS. Ujemny \u0142adunek, maskuje naturalne \u0142adunki aminokwas\u00f3w. W rezultacie wszystkie bia\u0142ka w pr\u00f3bce staj\u0105 si\u0119 na\u0142adowane ujemnie, a stosunek \u0142adunku do masy jest dla nich sta\u0142y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Linearyzacja:<\/strong> Dzi\u0119ki odpychaniu si\u0119 grup ujemnych SDS, \u0142a\u0144cuch polipeptydowy przyjmuje posta\u0107 zbli\u017con\u0105 do pr\u0119ta\/w\u0142\u00f3kna.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation-1024x425.png\" alt=\"SDS denaturation\" class=\"wp-image-1716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation-1024x425.png 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation-768x319.png 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation-1536x637.png 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SDS_denaturation.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Interakcja SDS z bia\u0142kiem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wa\u017cne:<\/strong> Bia\u0142ka zawieraj\u0105ce mostki dwusiarczkowe nie ulegn\u0105 ca\u0142kowitej denaturacji bez ich redukcji. Aby w pe\u0142ni zdenaturowa\u0107 bia\u0142ka zawieraj\u0105ce mostki dwusiarczkowe (S-S), do buforu obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cego dodaje si\u0119 reduktor, taki jak <strong>\u03b2-merkaptoetanol<\/strong> lub <strong>DTT<\/strong> (ditiotreitol).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Jak przygotowa\u0107 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 do SDS-PAGE?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby przygotowa\u0107 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 do SDS-Page nale\u017cy najpierw pozna\u0107 zawarto\u015b\u0107 bia\u0142ka w pr\u00f3bce. W tym celu nale\u017cy pos\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 si\u0119 jedn\u0105 z technik oznaczania zawarto\u015bci bia\u0142ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00f3bk\u0119 nale\u017cy rozcie\u0144czy\u0107 do odpowiedniego st\u0119\u017cenia. Pr\u00f3bka nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 zbyt rozcie\u0144czona (pr\u0105\u017cki bia\u0142ek o ni\u017cszym st\u0119\u017ceniu b\u0119d\u0105 zbyt blade lub niewidoczne) ani zbyt st\u0119\u017cona (pr\u0105\u017cki b\u0119d\u0105 si\u0119 \u0142\u0105czy\u0107 i rozlewa\u0107). Oto kilka zasad, kt\u00f3rych warto przestrzega\u0107:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na \u017cel nale\u017cy nak\u0142ada\u0107:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>10-50 \u03bcg bia\u0142ka z lizatu kom\u00f3rkowego<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>10-100 ng bia\u0142ka oczyszczonego<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typowa obj\u0119to\u015b\u0107 jak\u0105 wprowadza si\u0119 do studzienek to 5 \u2013 35 \u03bcl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Odpowiednio rozcie\u0144czon\u0105 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 miesza si\u0119 z buforem \u0142aduj\u0105cym (obci\u0105\u017ceniowym), w kt\u00f3rego sk\u0142adzie znajduje si\u0119 SDS i DTT lub \u03b2-merkaptoetanol. Pr\u00f3bk\u0119 nale\u017cy ogrzewa\u0107 w 95 \u00b0C przez kilka minut by zredukowa\u0107 mostki dwusiarczkowe. Bufor \u0142aduj\u0105cy zawiera zazwyczaj barwnik, dzi\u0119ki kt\u00f3remu mo\u017cna \u015bledzi\u0107 migracj\u0119 czo\u0142a rozdzia\u0142u elektroforetycznego. Dzi\u0119ki zawarto\u015bci glicerolu lub sacharozy ma du\u017c\u0105 g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 dzi\u0119ki czemu pr\u00f3bka osiada na dnie studzienki. St\u0105d jego cz\u0119sta nazwa \u2013 bufor obci\u0105\u017ceniowy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po ostudzeniu pr\u00f3bk\u0119 wprowadza si\u0119 do studzienek w \u017celu zag\u0119szczaj\u0105cym.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Wyb\u00f3r g\u0119sto\u015bci \u017celu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u017bel poliakryloamidowy powstaje w wyniku polimeryzacji monomer\u00f3w akryloamidu usieciowanych bis-akryloamidem. Wielko\u015b\u0107 por\u00f3w w &#8222;sicie&#8221; zale\u017cy od st\u0119\u017cenia akryloamidu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zasada jest prosta:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wysoki procent akryloamidu (g\u0119sty \u017cel):<\/strong> Ma\u0142e pory, idealne do rozdzia\u0142u ma\u0142ych bia\u0142ek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Niski procent akryloamidu (rzadki \u017cel):<\/strong> Du\u017ce pory, idealne do rozdzia\u0142u du\u017cych bia\u0142ek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>St\u0119\u017cenie akryloamidu (%)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Zakres rozdzia\u0142u (kDa)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Przyk\u0142adowe zastosowanie<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>7-8%<\/strong><\/td><td>50 \u2013 500 kDa<\/td><td>Du\u017ce enzymy, kompleksy bia\u0142kowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>10%<\/strong><\/td><td>20 \u2013 300 kDa<\/td><td>Uniwersalny zakres<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>12-15%<\/strong><\/td><td>10 \u2013 100 kDa<\/td><td>Typowe bia\u0142ka cytozolowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>&gt;15%<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 20 kDa<\/td><td>Ma\u0142e peptydy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Warto pami\u0119ta\u0107 o strukturze <strong>\u017celu nieci\u0105g\u0142ego<\/strong> (system Laemmliego), kt\u00f3ry sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z dw\u00f3ch warstw:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u017bel zag\u0119szczaj\u0105cy (Stacking gel):<\/strong> G\u00f3rny, rzadki \u017cel o ni\u017cszym pH (6.8), kt\u00f3ry kompresuje pr\u00f3bk\u0119 w w\u0105ski pr\u0105\u017cek. Podczas przechodzenia z \u017celu zag\u0119szczaj\u0105cego do rozdzielaj\u0105cego bia\u0142ka uk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 w odpowiedniej kolejno\u015bci i zag\u0119szczaj\u0105, dzi\u0119ki czemu pr\u0105\u017cki s\u0105 cienkie i wyra\u017ane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017bel rozdzielaj\u0105cy (Resolving gel):<\/strong> Dolny, g\u0119stszy \u017cel o wy\u017cszym pH (8.8), gdzie nast\u0119puje w\u0142a\u015bciwy rozdzia\u0142 wed\u0142ug masy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Budowa aparatu do elektroforezy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardowy zestaw do SDS-PAGE to uk\u0142ad do elektroforezy <strong>pionowej<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u0142\u00f3wne elementy to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Komora (Tank):<\/strong> Wype\u0142niona buforem elektrodowym, zapewnia ch\u0142odzenie i przewodnictwo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u0142ytki szklane:<\/strong> Mi\u0119dzy nimi wylewany jest \u017cel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Przek\u0142adki (Spacers):<\/strong> Okre\u015blaj\u0105 grubo\u015b\u0107 \u017celu (zazwyczaj 0.75 mm \u2013 1.5 mm).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Grzebie\u0144 (Comb):<\/strong> Tworzy studzienki, do kt\u00f3rych nak\u0142ada si\u0119 pr\u00f3bki.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Elektrody:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Katoda (-):<\/strong> Umieszczona na g\u00f3rze (bia\u0142ka ujemne uciekaj\u0105 od niej).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anoda (+):<\/strong> Umieszczona na dole (bia\u0142ka ujemne d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do niej).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zasilacz:<\/strong> Generuje pole elektryczne (sta\u0142e napi\u0119cie lub nat\u0119\u017cenie).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Dob\u00f3r warunk\u00f3w rozdzia\u0142u SDS-PAGE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sukces elektroforezy zale\u017cy od prawid\u0142owo dobranych parametr\u00f3w pr\u0105du i bufor\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bufor elektrodowy:<\/strong> Najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosuje si\u0119 bufor <strong>Tris-Glicyna-SDS<\/strong>. Glicyna odgrywa kluczow\u0105 rol\u0119 w procesie &#8222;stackingu&#8221; (zag\u0119szczania) bia\u0142ek na granicy \u017celi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Napi\u0119cie (V):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Podczas przechodzenia przez \u017cel zag\u0119szczaj\u0105cy stosuje si\u0119 ni\u017csze napi\u0119cie (np. 80-100 V), aby bia\u0142ka r\u00f3wno wesz\u0142y w \u017cel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>W \u017celu rozdzielaj\u0105cym napi\u0119cie si\u0119 zwi\u0119ksza (np. 120-150 V).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Temperatura:<\/strong> Przep\u0142yw pr\u0105du generuje ciep\u0142o (prawo Joule&#8217;a). Zbyt wysoka temperatura powoduje szybsz\u0105 migracj\u0119 bialek na brzegach. W efekcie na elektroforegramie widoczne s\u0105 tzw. &nbsp;&#8222;u\u015bmiechni\u0119te pr\u0105\u017cki&#8221;. Z tego powodu aparat do elektroforezy wyposa\u017cony jest w uk\u0142ad ch\u0142odzenia (np. przep\u0142ywowy). Je\u015bli go nie posiada rozdzia\u0142 mo\u017cna przeprowadza\u0107 w ch\u0142odziarce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Wybarwianie \u017celu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po zako\u0144czeniu elektroforezy bia\u0142ka s\u0105 niewidoczne. Nale\u017cy je utrwali\u0107 i wybarwi\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Czerwie\u0144 Coomassie (Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250\/G-250):<\/strong> Najpopularniejsza metoda. Barwnik wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 niespecyficznie z bia\u0142kami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Barwienie solami srebra (Silver Staining):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Zalety:<\/em> Bardzo wysoka czu\u0142o\u015b\u0107 (wykrywa nawet 1 ng bia\u0142ka).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Wady:<\/em> Czasoch\u0142onne, wymaga stosowania toksycznych odczynnik\u00f3w, trudne do odwr\u00f3cenia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Barwienie fluorescencyjne (np. SYPRO Ruby):<\/strong> Wymaga specjalnego skanera, ale oferuje szeroki zakres liniowo\u015bci (dobre do analizy ilo\u015bciowej).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gel-electrophoresis-9960392_1280-1024x558.jpg\" alt=\"Wybarwianie \u017celu do elektroforezy\" class=\"wp-image-1682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gel-electrophoresis-9960392_1280-1024x558.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gel-electrophoresis-9960392_1280-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gel-electrophoresis-9960392_1280-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gel-electrophoresis-9960392_1280.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wybarwianie \u017celu do elektroforezy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Analiza wynik\u00f3w<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby okre\u015bli\u0107 wielko\u015b\u0107 badanego bia\u0142ka, na ten sam \u017cel nak\u0142ada si\u0119 tzw. <strong>Marker Wielko\u015bci (Drabin\u0119 Bia\u0142kow\u0105)<\/strong> \u2013 mieszanin\u0119 bia\u0142ek o znanych masach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Analiza przebiega nast\u0119puj\u0105co:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Por\u00f3wnujemy po\u0142o\u017cenie pr\u0105\u017cka naszej pr\u00f3bki z pr\u0105\u017ckami markera.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dla precyzyjnych oblicze\u0144 wyznacza si\u0119 wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Rf (odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 migracji bia\u0142ka \/ d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 \u017celu).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Istnieje liniowa zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy logarytmem masy cz\u0105steczkowej (log Mw) a drog\u0105 migracji.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Zastosowanie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Technika SDS-PAGE jest powszechnie stosowana w laboratoriach na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. G\u0142\u00f3wne zastosowania to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Szacowanie masy cz\u0105steczkowej:<\/strong> Identyfikacja nieznanych bia\u0142ek na podstawie ich wielko\u015bci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ocena czysto\u015bci preparatu:<\/strong> Je\u015bli po oczyszczaniu bia\u0142ka na \u017celu widzimy tylko jeden pr\u0105\u017cek, preparat jest czysty. Wiele pr\u0105\u017ck\u00f3w oznacza zanieczyszczenia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=2244\" type=\"page\" id=\"2244\">Western Blotting<\/a>:<\/strong> SDS-PAGE jest pierwszym etapem tej techniki (przeniesienie bia\u0142ek z \u017celu na membran\u0119 w celu detekcji przeciwcia\u0142ami).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitorowanie ekspresji bia\u0142ek:<\/strong> Por\u00f3wnanie lizat\u00f3w kom\u00f3rkowych przed i po indukcji produkcji bia\u0142ka.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J., &amp; Stryer, L. (2018).&nbsp;<em>Biochemia<\/em>. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bio-rad.com\/webroot\/web\/pdf\/lsr\/literature\/Bulletin_6040.pdf\">Bio-Rad Laboratories.&nbsp;<em>A guide to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detection<\/em>. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780199636402.001.0001\">Hames, B. D. (1998).&nbsp;<em>Gel electrophoresis of proteins: A practical approach<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/5432063\/\">Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>227<\/em>(5259), 680\u2013685.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0003269779907322\">Switzer, R. C., Merril, C. R., &amp; Shifrin, S. (1979). A highly sensitive silver stain for detecting proteins and peptides in polyacrylamide gels.&nbsp;<em>Analytical Biochemistry<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>98<\/em>(1), 231\u2013237<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bgc.ac.in\/pdf\/study-material\/Keith-Wilson-John-Walker-Principles-and-Techniques-of-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology-Cambridge-University-Press-2010.pd\">Wilson, K., &amp; Walker, J. (Eds.). (2010).&nbsp;<em>Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology<\/em>&nbsp;(7th ed.). Cambridge University Press.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SDS-PAGE (ang. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), to jedna z najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanych technik w biologii molekularnej i biochemii. Pozwala ona na rozdzia\u0142 bia\u0142ek wy\u0142\u0105cznie&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":107,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1712","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SDS-PAGE - Bioeducator.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Artyku\u0142 opisuje technik\u0119 SDS-PAGE. 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