{"id":1539,"date":"2025-07-08T22:56:31","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T20:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1539"},"modified":"2026-03-02T16:53:34","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T15:53:34","slug":"podstawy-chromatografii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1539","title":{"rendered":"Podstawy chromatografii"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chromatografia to jedna z najwa\u017cniejszych i najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanych technik analitycznych we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej nauce. Od medycyny i farmacji, przez ochron\u0119 \u015brodowiska, a\u017c po przemys\u0142 spo\u017cywczy \u2013 jej zastosowania s\u0105 niezwykle szerokie. Ale na czym w\u0142a\u015bciwie polega? W tym artykule dowiesz si\u0119 jak dzia\u0142a i do czego s\u0142u\u017cy chromatografia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light wp-duotone-unset-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"769\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1545 size-large\" alt=\"Vials in a rack\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1024x769.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-2048x1538.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#9ea5bb\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">Co to jest chromatorafia?<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f3wi\u0105c najpro\u015bciej, <strong>chromatografia to technika s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca do rozdzielania mieszanin<\/strong>. Nazwa tej metody pochodzi od greckich s\u0142\u00f3w <em>chr\u014dma<\/em> (kolor) i <em>gr\u00e1phein<\/em> (pisa\u0107). Nada\u0142 j\u0105 rosyjski uczony Michai\u0142 Cwiet. Wykorzystywa\u0142 on szklan\u0105 tub\u0119 nabit\u0105 kred\u0105 do rozdzielania barwnik\u00f3w ro\u015blinnych a nazwa pochodzi od uzyskiwanych kolorowych plam barwnik\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Podstaw\u0105 ka\u017cdej techniki chromatograficznej jest istnienie dw\u00f3ch kluczowych element\u00f3w:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Faza stacjonarna (nieruchoma)<\/strong>: Jest to substancja sta\u0142a lub \u017cel, kt\u00f3ra pozostaje w sta\u0142ym miejscu, na przyk\u0142ad wewn\u0105trz szklanej rurki (kolumny) lub na p\u0142askiej powierzchni.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Faza ruchoma (mobilna)<\/strong>: Jest to p\u0142yn (ciecz lub gaz), kt\u00f3ry przep\u0142ywa przez faz\u0119 stacjonarn\u0105, nios\u0105c ze sob\u0105 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 analizowanej mieszaniny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"708\" height=\"554\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Chromatografia.png\" alt=\"rozdzia\u0142 chromatograficzny\" class=\"wp-image-1550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Chromatografia.png 708w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Chromatografia-300x235.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 708px) 100vw, 708px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rozdzia\u0142 chromatograficzny<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rozdzia\u0142 sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w mieszaniny jest mo\u017cliwy dzi\u0119ki <strong>r\u00f3\u017cnicom w oddzia\u0142ywaniach<\/strong> poszczeg\u00f3lnych substancji z faz\u0105 stacjonarn\u0105 i ruchom\u0105. Sk\u0142adniki, kt\u00f3re silniej oddzia\u0142uj\u0105 z faz\u0105 stacjonarn\u0105, poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 wolniej. Te, kt\u00f3re preferuj\u0105 faz\u0119 ruchom\u0105, przemieszczaj\u0105 si\u0119 szybciej. W efekcie, po pewnym czasie, sk\u0142adniki mieszaniny zostaj\u0105 rozdzielone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover wp-duotone-unset-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1546 size-large\" alt=\"HPLC\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-1024x680.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-391x260.jpg 391w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/national-cancer-institute-bX8azpGeNrY-unsplash-2048x1360.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#7c7b76\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">Rodzaje chromatografii<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chromatografi\u0119 mo\u017cna klasyfikowa\u0107 na wiele sposob\u00f3w, w zale\u017cno\u015bci od przyj\u0119tego kryterium. Poni\u017cej przedstawiamy najwa\u017cniejsze podzia\u0142y, kt\u00f3re pomagaj\u0105 zrozumie\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 tej techniki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podzia\u0142 chromatografii ze wzgl\u0119du na stan skupienia fazy ruchomej:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chromatografia gazowa (GC)<\/strong>: Faza ruchoma jest gazem (tzw. gazem no\u015bnym), a faza stacjonarna to zazwyczaj ciecz naniesiona na sta\u0142y no\u015bnik lub bezpo\u015brednio na \u015bcianki kapilary. Stosowana do analizy substancji lotnych lub takich, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna \u0142atwo odparowa\u0107.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatografia cieczowa (LC)<\/strong>: Faza ruchoma jest ciecz\u0105 (rozpuszczalnikiem lub mieszanin\u0105 rozpuszczalnik\u00f3w). Jest to najpopularniejszy rodzaj chromatografii ze wzgl\u0119du na jej wszechstronno\u015b\u0107. Szczeg\u00f3lnym jej rodzajem jest <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1936\" type=\"page\" id=\"1936\">wysokosprawna chromatografia cieczowa (HPLC<\/a>)<\/strong>, kt\u00f3ra wykorzystuje wysokie ci\u015bnienie do szybszego i wydajniejszego rozdzia\u0142u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podzia\u0142 chromatografii ze wzgl\u0119du na mechanizm rozdzia\u0142u:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ten podzia\u0142 opiera si\u0119 na mechanizmie interakcji pomi\u0119dzy rozdzielanymi substancjami a faz\u0105 stacjonarn\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chromatografia adsorpcyjna<\/strong>: Rozdzia\u0142 opiera si\u0119 na r\u00f3\u017cnicach w adsorpcji (powierzchniowym wi\u0105zaniu) sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w pr\u00f3bki na powierzchni fazy stacjonarnej.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatografia podzia\u0142owa<\/strong>: Sk\u0142adniki rozdzielane s\u0105 na podstawie r\u00f3\u017cnic w ich rozpuszczalno\u015bci mi\u0119dzy dwiema niemieszaj\u0105cymi si\u0119 cieczami \u2013 faz\u0105 ruchom\u0105 i faz\u0105 stacjonarn\u0105 (ciecz\u0105 naniesion\u0105 na no\u015bnik).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=2106\" type=\"page\" id=\"2106\">Chromatografia jonowymienna<\/a><\/strong>: Wykorzystuje faz\u0119 stacjonarn\u0105 z grupami jonowymi, kt\u00f3re wymieniaj\u0105 jony z analitami obecnymi w pr\u00f3bce. Jest idealna do rozdzielania cz\u0105steczek na\u0142adowanych, takich jak aminokwasy, bia\u0142ka czy jony nieorganiczne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1980\" type=\"page\" id=\"1980\">Chromatografia sitowa (wykluczania mas)<\/a><\/strong>: Rozdzia\u0142 nast\u0119puje na podstawie wielko\u015bci cz\u0105steczek. Faza stacjonarna ma pory o okre\u015blonej wielko\u015bci. Ma\u0142e cz\u0105steczki wnikaj\u0105 do por\u00f3w i przemieszczaj\u0105 si\u0119 wolniej, podczas gdy du\u017ce cz\u0105steczki s\u0105 wykluczane i eluowane szybciej.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=2125\" type=\"page\" id=\"2125\">Chromatografia powinowactwa<\/a><\/strong>: Jest to wysoce specyficzna technika, w kt\u00f3rej faza stacjonarna zawiera cz\u0105steczki (ligandy) wi\u0105\u017c\u0105ce si\u0119 selektywnie tylko z jednym, konkretnym sk\u0142adnikiem mieszaniny (np. antygen-przeciwcia\u0142o).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1123 size-large\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-391x260.jpg 391w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/petr-magera-KR9j7uqFhnI-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#a3a5a4\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">Podzia\u0142 chromatografii ze wzgl\u0119du na technik\u0119 rozdzia\u0142u<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ten podzia\u0142 wykorzystuje r\u00f3\u017cnice w budowie systemu chromatograficznego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chromatografia kolumnowa:<\/strong> Jest to klasyczna forma, w kt\u00f3rej faza stacjonarna jest umieszczona w pionowej, szklanej lub metalowej rurce zwanej kolumn\u0105. Faza ruchoma przep\u0142ywa przez kolumn\u0119 pod wp\u0142ywem grawitacji lub ci\u015bnienia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatografia planarna:<\/strong> Rozdzia\u0142 odbywa si\u0119 na p\u0142askiej powierzchni:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chromatografia bibu\u0142owa (PC, paper chromatography)<\/strong>: Faza stacjonarna to specjalna bibu\u0142a (papier chromatograficzny).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/?page_id=1560\">Chromatografia cienkowarstwowa (TLC, thin layer chromatography)<\/a><\/strong>: Faza stacjonarna (np. \u017cel krzemionkowy, tlenek glinu) jest naniesiona jako cienka warstwa na p\u0142ytk\u0119 szklan\u0105, aluminiow\u0105 lub plastikow\u0105. Jest to szybka i tania technika, cz\u0119sto u\u017cywana do monitorowania przebiegu reakcji chemicznych.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:auto;height:500px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chromatografia bibu\u0142owa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podzia\u0142 chromatografii ze wzgl\u0119du na skal\u0119 rozdzia\u0142u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chromatografia mo\u017ce mie\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cne zastosowanie. Mo\u017ce ona s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 do analizy materia\u0142u ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c do jego oczyszczania. Z tego powodu chromatografi\u0119 mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chromatografia analityczna:<\/strong> s\u0142u\u017cy jako narz\u0119dzie do okre\u015blenia sk\u0142adu badanej pr\u00f3bki.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatografia preparatywna:<\/strong> s\u0142u\u017cy jako narz\u0119dzie do oczyszczania substancji w niewielkich ilo\u015bciach np. w laboratorium. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatografia przemys\u0142owa:<\/strong> s\u0142u\u017cy jako narz\u0119dzie do oczyszczania substancji w ilo\u015bciach przemys\u0142owych. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1198 size-large\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-1024x1024.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/louis-reed-pwcKF7L4-no-unsplash-edited-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#908b8e\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">G\u0142\u00f3wne zastosowania<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wszechstronno\u015b\u0107 chromatografii sprawia, \u017ce jest ona niezast\u0105piona w wielu dziedzinach zar\u00f3wno nauki jak i przemys\u0142u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Farmacja i medycyna<\/strong>: Kontrola jako\u015bci lek\u00f3w, oznaczanie st\u0119\u017cenia lek\u00f3w i metabolit\u00f3w w p\u0142ynach ustrojowych (krew, mocz), diagnostyka chor\u00f3b, analiza bia\u0142ek i kwas\u00f3w nukleinowych. Ponadto chromatografia jest cz\u0119sto wykorzystywana do oczyszczania substancji czynnych.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ochrona \u015brodowiska<\/strong>: Wykrywanie i oznaczanie pestycyd\u00f3w, herbicyd\u00f3w, metali ci\u0119\u017ckich i innych zanieczyszcze\u0144 w wodzie, glebie i powietrzu. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Przemys\u0142 spo\u017cywczy<\/strong>: Kontrola jako\u015bci \u017cywno\u015bci, wykrywanie zafa\u0142szowa\u0144, oznaczanie zawarto\u015bci witamin, cukr\u00f3w, konserwant\u00f3w i dodatk\u00f3w do \u017cywno\u015bci. Podobnie jak w przypadku przemys\u0142u farmaceutycznego, r\u00f3wnie\u017c tu wykorzystywana jest chromatografia przemys\u0142owa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kryminalistyka<\/strong>: Analiza materia\u0142u dowodowego, np. narkotyk\u00f3w, \u015blad\u00f3w prochu strzelniczego, toksyn czy substancji przyspieszaj\u0105cych palenie. Coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej stosuje si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c chromatografi\u0119 sprz\u0119\u017con\u0105 z innymi technikami, takimi jak spektrometria mas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Badania naukowe<\/strong>: Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci chromatografii s\u0105 tak du\u017ce, \u017ce znajduje ona zastosowanie w wielu badaniach naukowych. Mo\u017ce ona by\u0107 stosowana w badaniach chemicznych, biologicznych, medycznych. Dzi\u0119ki jej sprz\u0119\u017ceniu z innymi technikami, takimi jak spektrometria mas, MALS, jest bardzo pot\u0119\u017cnym narz\u0119dziem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"769\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1545 size-large\" alt=\"Vials in a rack\" src=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1024x769.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bioeducator.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/julia-koblitz-EDj-oxXe4s8-unsplash-2048x1538.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#9ea5bb\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">Najwa\u017cniejsze poj\u0119cia w chromatografii<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Analit<\/strong>: Substancja lub sk\u0142adnik mieszaniny, kt\u00f3ry jest analizowany (rozdzielany i oznaczany).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatogram<\/strong>: Graficzny zapis wyniku analizy chromatograficznej, przedstawiaj\u0105cy sygna\u0142 z detektora w funkcji czasu lub obj\u0119to\u015bci fazy ruchomej.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Czas retencji (Rt)<\/strong>: Czas, jaki up\u0142ywa od momentu wstrzykni\u0119cia pr\u00f3bki do momentu pojawienia si\u0119 maksimum piku danego sk\u0142adnika na chromatogramie. Jest to charakterystyczna cecha dla danego zwi\u0105zku w okre\u015blonych warunkach.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Detektor<\/strong>: Urz\u0105dzenie umieszczone za kolumn\u0105 chromatograficzn\u0105, kt\u00f3re mierzy st\u0119\u017cenie analit\u00f3w w eluacie i przekszta\u0142ca je na sygna\u0142 elektryczny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Elucja<\/strong>: Proces wymywania sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w pr\u00f3bki z kolumny chromatograficznej przez przep\u0142ywaj\u0105c\u0105 faz\u0119 ruchom\u0105.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eluent<\/strong>: Faza ruchoma u\u017cywana w procesie elucji.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pik<\/strong>: Charakterystyczne, najcz\u0119\u015bciej w kszta\u0142cie krzywej Gaussa, maksimum na chromatogramie, odpowiadaj\u0105ce jednemu, rozdzielonemu sk\u0142adnikowi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podsumowanie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chromatografia to pot\u0119\u017cne narz\u0119dzie analityczne, kt\u00f3re zrewolucjonizowa\u0142o wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 nauk\u0119. Jej zdolno\u015b\u0107 do precyzyjnego rozdzielania nawet bardzo z\u0142o\u017conych mieszanin sprawia, \u017ce pozostanie ona kluczow\u0105 technik\u0105 w laboratoriach na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. Dzi\u0119ki ca\u0142emu wachlarzowi technik chromatograficznych, jest ona podstawowym narz\u0119dziem pracy naukowc\u00f3w na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Publikacje naukowe i ksi\u0105\u017cki:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., &amp; Crouch, S. R. (2017). <em>Principles of Instrumental Analysis<\/em>. Cengage Learning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meyer, V. R. (2010). <em>Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cazes, J. (Ed.). (2009). <em>Encyclopedia of Chromatography<\/em>. CRC press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilson, I. D., Adlard, E. R., Cooke, M., &amp; Poole, C. F. (Eds.). (2000). <em>Encyclopedia of separation science<\/em>. Academic press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ettre, L. S. (2008). <em>Chapters in the Evolution of Chromatography<\/em>. Imperial College Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strony internetowe:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/class-11-chemistry-india\/xfbb6cb8de202a969:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques\/xfbb6cb8de202a969:in-in-purification-of-organic-compounds\/a\/principles-of-chromatography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/class-11-chemistry-india\/xfbb6cb8de202a969:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques\/xfbb6cb8de202a969:in-in-purification-of-organic-compounds\/a\/principles-of-chromatography<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Analytical_Chemistry\/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)\/Instrumental_Analysis\/Chromatography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Analytical_Chemistry\/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)\/Instrumental_Analysis\/Chromatography<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/HPLC---High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography-Primer\/nav.htm%3Flocale%3Den_US%26cid%3D10048919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/HPLC&#8212;High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography-Primer\/nav.htm?locale=en_US&amp;cid=10048919<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/product\/gas-chromatography<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/technical-documents\/technical-articles\/analytical-chemistry\/chromatography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/US\/en\/technical-documents\/technical-articles\/analytical-chemistry\/chromatography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ilustracje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Photo by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@jkoblitz?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">Julia Koblitz<\/a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/gold-and-red-round-coins-EDj-oxXe4s8?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">Unsplash<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@nci?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">National Cancer Institute<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/black-flat-screen-computer-monitor-on-white-wooden-desk-bX8azpGeNrY?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash\">Unsplash<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Flo~commonswiki &#8211; Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=436407\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=436407<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chromatografia to jedna z najwa\u017cniejszych i najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanych technik analitycznych we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej nauce. Od medycyny i farmacji, przez ochron\u0119 \u015brodowiska, a\u017c po przemys\u0142 spo\u017cywczy \u2013&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1545,"parent":107,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1539","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Podstawy chromatografii - Bioeducator.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chromatografia. Kr\u00f3tkie om\u00f3wienie chromatografii. 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